Bronopol is a awful alive antimicrobial actinic admixture whose actinic blueprint is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
Bronopol was invented by The Boots Company PLC, Nottingham, England in the aboriginal 1960s and aboriginal applications were as a bactericide for pharmaceuticals. Bronopol's low beastly toxicity (at in-use levels) and aberrant action adjoin bacilli (especially the alarming Gram-negative species) ensured that it became accepted as a bactericide in abounding customer articles such as shampoos and cosmetics.
Bronopol was after taken up as an able antimicrobial in abounding automated environments such as cardboard mills, oil analysis and assembly facilities, as able-bodied as cooling baptize ablution plants.
World assembly soared from the tens of tonnes in the backward 1970s to accepted estimates in balance of 5,000 tonnes. This is absolutely something because the able use-concentration which can be as low as 0.0025% (25 locations per million). Manufacturing today is the business of low amount producers, mainly in China.
Applications
Today, Bronopol is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems - in many of these systems Bronopol can be a highly effective treatment).
The use of Bronopol in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the recognized potential for nitrosamine formation.
Although fairly ubiquitous in our diet and the environment, and even produced within the stomach from various foodstuffs, many nitrosamines are known or suspect carcinogens and therefore should be avoided in manufactured goods.
Nitrosamines are relatively easily produced from secondary amines and amides in the presence of nitrite ions (this is why they are formed in-vivo from foodstuffs).
While Bronopol is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines (due to the toxicity of thes substances, the term 'significant' means levels as low as 10s of parts per billion).
Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to 'avoid the formation of nitrosamines' which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing Bronopol from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.
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